Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica L.) based liposomes: Formulation, characterization, in vitro and ex vivo antioxidant activity evaluation.

The research was focused on incorporating the polyphenols from Indian gooseberries (Phyllanthus emblica L.) in phospholipid nanocarriers, aiming to enhance skin penetration, bioavailability and stability. Design-Expert® aided in achieving the optimal liposomal formulation, characterized by particle size, zeta potential, and a polydispersity index. Liposomes were prepared by applying the film hydration method. The liposomes were further loaded into a hydrogel (Carbopol 934) for its controlled release and stabilizing effects on liposomes. Multiple antioxidant assessment methods DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC were performed. Additional evaluations encompassed FTIR, SEM, rheological studies, and in vitro/ex vivo diffusion comparisons between liposomal-loaded gel (GEL-LE) and pure extract with gel (GEL-E). Depending on the formulation and extract amount, the total antioxidant content per sample varies between 59.3-486.75 mg. When the optimal formulation (LE) contained 1.8 % soybean and 0.07 % cholesterol the mean particle size was 74.66 nm, zeta potential - -50.35 and polydispersity index-0.3. In vitro results exhibited 42.28 % cumulative release for GEL-LE and GEL-E by 23.44 %. Ex vivo findings showed a 6% discrepancy in cumulative release (21% for GEL-LE). These outcomes emphasize liposomes' potential for enhanced antioxidant delivery and release, contributing to potential advancements in cosmetic and skincare applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]