Advanced drug delivery technologies for postmenopausal effects.

Postmenopause is the 12-month absence of menstrual periods, characterized by decreased estrogen and progesterone levels, leading to physical and psychological alterations such as hot flashes, mood swings, sleep disruptions, and skin changes. Present postmenopausal treatments include hormone replacement therapy, non-hormonal drugs, lifestyle modifications, vaginal estrogen therapy, bone health treatments, and alternative therapies. Advanced drug delivery systems (ADDSs) are essential in managing postmenopausal effects (PMEs), offering targeted and controlled delivery to alleviate symptoms and improve overall health. This review emphasizes such ADDSs for addressing PMEs. Emerging trends such as artificial ovaries are also reviewed. Additionally, the prospects of technologies such as additive manufacturing (3D and 4D printing) and artificial intelligence in further tailoring therapeutic strategies against PMEs are provided. [Display omitted] • Postmenopause involves 12 months without periods, with lower estrogen and progesterone. • Treatments include hormone replacement, non-hormonal drugs, and lifestyle changes. • Advanced drug delivery systems offer significant relief from postmenopausal effects. • Emerging trends for postmenopausal effects include artificial ovaries and 3D/4D printing. • Artificial intelligence holds potential for optimizing drug delivery systems for postmenopausal effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]