High-topological-number skyrmions with tunable diameters in two-dimensional frustrated J1−J2 magnets.

Skyrmions are intriguing quasiparticles in the field of condensed matter due to their unique physics and promising applications in spintronic devices. However, despite abundant studies on skyrmions with a topological charge of Q = 1, there have been only few on those with higher Q (≥ 2) due to their intrinsic instability in Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (DMI) systems. In this work, applying the frustrated J 1 − J 2 Heisenberg spin model, we investigate the stability of high-Q skyrmions and the manipulation of their diameters in a hexagonal close-packed lattice through atomistic simulations and first-principles calculations. First, three spin textures, called spiral, skyrmion, and ferromagnetic, are identified by varying ( J 1 , J 2 ), and it is shown that skyrmions with higher Q can occupy a wider range of ( J 1 , J 2 ) values. The diameter of the skyrmions can then be finely tuned using the frustration strength (| J 2 / J 1 |), the single-ion anisotropy (K), and an external magnetic field (B). As B increases, the high-Q skyrmions split into skyrmions with smaller Q and can be annihilated by a larger B. Furthermore, we find that the CoCl2 monolayer satisfies the criteria for a frustrated J 1 − J 2 magnet, and its magnetic behaviors align with the aforementioned conclusions. In addition, high-Q skyrmions are identified in the CoCl2 monolayer, and the corresponding energy barriers for skyrmion collapse are investigated. Our findings pave the way for prospective spintronic applications based on high-Q and nanoscale skyrmionic textures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]