Deciphering the Hearts: Geometric Morphometrics Reveals Shape Variation in Abatus Sea Urchins across Subantarctic and Antarctic Seas.

Simple Summary: Abatus is a genus of sea urchin that inhabits the Southern Ocean. Among the 11 described species, three shared morphological traits and live in intertidal zones in Patagonia (A. cavernosus), Kerguelen (A. cordatus), Antarctica, and Tierra del Fuego (A. agassizii). The relationships between Abatus species are complicated and have not been clarified yet. This study analyzed shape variation among these species. The shape of 72 individuals from four locations in the South Shetlands, Kerguelen, Patagonia, and Falklands/Malvinas, were evaluated. Differences in shape were found in all four locations. Especially, the Falklands/Malvinas group showed a marked difference in shape compared to other localities. The possibility that the Falklands/Malvinas group shows phenotypic plasticity or represents a distinct evolutionary unit is discussed. Finally, the methodology used in this study proved to be a powerful tool to differentiate these species, highlighting its utility in systematic studies. Abatus is a genus of irregular brooding sea urchins to the Southern Ocean. Among the 11 described species, three shared morphological traits and present an infaunal lifestyle in the infralittoral from the Subantarctic province; A. cavernosus in Patagonia, A. cordatus in Kerguelen, and A. agassizii in Tierra del Fuego and South Shetlands. The systematic of Abatus, based on morphological characters and incomplete phylogenies, is complex and largely unresolved. This study evaluates the shape variation among these species using geometric morphometrics analysis (GM). For this, 72 individuals from four locations; South Shetlands, Kerguelen, Patagonia, and Falklands/Malvinas were photographed, and 37 landmarks were digitized. To evaluate the shape differences among species, a principal component analysis and a Procrustes ANOVA were performed. Our results showed a marked difference between the Falklands/Malvinas and the other localities, characterized by a narrower and more elongated shape and a significant influence of location in shape but not sex. Additionally, the effect of allometry was evaluated using a permutation test and a regression between shape and size, showing significant shape changes during growth in all groups. The possibility that the Falklands/Malvinas group shows phenotypic plasticity or represents a distinct evolutionary unit is discussed. Finally, GM proved to be a powerful tool to differentiate these species, highlighting its utility in systematic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]