Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Surface Morphometry Analysis of Pediatric Down Syndrome.

Simple Summary: Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder caused by an additional partial or full copy of chromosome 21. Analysis of the brain's surface can potentially assist in providing a better understanding of structural brain differences, and may help characterize DS-specific brain development. We performed a study of 73 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations of DS patients (aged 1 day to 22 years) and compared them to a large cohort of 993 brain MRI examinations of neurotypical participants, aged 1 day to 32 years. A variety of measurements that characterize the surface of the brain were extracted from each brain region in each examination. Results demonstrate broad reductions in surface area and abnormalities of surface curvature measurements across the brain in DS. Findings suggest the presence of developmental abnormalities of the brain's surface in DS that can be characterized from clinical MRI examinations. Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder characterized by intellectual disability whose etiology includes an additional partial or full copy of chromosome 21. Brain surface morphometry analyses can potentially assist in providing a better understanding of structural brain differences, and may help characterize DS-specific neurodevelopment. We performed a retrospective surface morphometry study of 73 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations of DS patients (aged 1 day to 22 years) and compared them to a large cohort of 993 brain MRI examinations of neurotypical participants, aged 1 day to 32 years. Surface curvature measurements, absolute surface area measurements, and surface areas as a percentage of total brain surface area (%TBSA) were extracted from each brain region in each examination. Results demonstrate broad reductions in surface area and abnormalities of surface curvature measurements across the brain in DS. After adjusting our regional surface area measurements as %TBSA, abnormally increased presentation in DS relative to neurotypical controls was observed in the left precentral, bilateral entorhinal, left parahippocampal, and bilateral perirhinal cortices, as well as Brodmann's area 44 (left), and the right temporal pole. Findings suggest the presence of developmental abnormalities of regional %TBSA in DS that can be characterized from clinical MRI examinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]