Cognition and perception of map projections: a literature review.

This paper explores scholarly literature published since the 1960s that examines peoples' cognitive and perceptual understanding of map projections. Map projections present challenges to virtually everyone who uses them. Some of the challenges include selecting a projection, specifying projection parameters, and understanding distortion patterns. Broadly speaking, cartographic inquiry has addressed many topics in cognition and perception; yet, research focused on projections remains scarce. We surveyed the body of research studies incorporating projections or a projection-related topic (e.g. distortion) as a variable in the experimental design. Topics included asking participants to estimate areas, conceptualize travel paths, or identify preferred graticule aesthetics. Despite the conclusions reported by these studies, we noted three general concerns that may diminish the accuracy of results from research in this area. First, projection-specific terminology or properties critical to the studies and analysis that may be misunderstood by researchers and/or participants. Second, study participants were largely homogenous. Third, most of the studies were not designed for replication or reproducibility. Given our critique, we offer six suggestions for those who are interested in new cognitive and perceptual projection research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]