Advances on lithium, magnesium, zinc, and iron-air batteries as energy delivery devices—a critical review.

This comprehensive review delves into recent advancements in lithium, magnesium, zinc, and iron-air batteries, which have emerged as promising energy delivery devices with diverse applications, collectively shaping the landscape of energy storage and delivery devices. Lithium-air batteries, renowned for their high energy density of 1910 Wh/kg and long life cycle, have seen remarkable improvements in performance and safety measures, making them the go-to choose for portable electronics and electric vehicles. Lithium-air batteries have promising safer and more efficient energy storage solution. However, their reliance on limited lithium resources has driven research into alternative chemistries. Magnesium-air batteries, characterized by high theoretical capacity and reduced flammability risks, have garnered significance due to their potential of high energy density (700 Wh/kg). Magnesium-air batteries also offer compelling prospects due to their abundance and environmentally friendly resource. Meanwhile, zinc air batteries having energy density (1087 Wh/kg), low cost, abundant material availability, and impressive cycle life offer an attractive solution for grid-scale energy storage. Additionally, iron-air batteries have emerged as eco-friendly options with energy efficiency of 50%, harnessing iron's abundance and oxygen from the air. This review extracts recent research developments, offering insights into the strengths, challenges, and promising pathways for these battery systems, paving the way for a more diversified an environmentally conscious energy delivery landscape. While challenges such as electrode materials, electrolyte design, and safety concerns persist, the progress in these battery technologies presents exciting for more efficient and sustainable energy delivery systems, with potential benefits spanning from consumer electronics to renewable energy integration and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]