柔性无机电致发光器件及其在智能纺织品上的应用进展.

Flexible inorganic electroluminescent devices exhibit high luminous efficiency, rapid response, low production costs and stable luminescence. These devices can be employed for flexible displays, intelligent sensing and other functions, making them promising candidates for applications in smartphones, electronic skin and smart wearables. Textile materials, with their flexibility, wearability, and well-established processing techniques, serve as excellent substrates for these flexible electroluminescent devices. In recent years, the structural design of flexible inorganic electroluminescent devices has matured significantly, driving research and development efforts across a wide range of applications, particularly in wearable electronics, displays and bionic robots. Electroluminescence primarily arises when a current passes through a substance, causing it to emit light under a strong electric field. Two main types of electroluminescence exist: injection electroluminescence and intrinsic electroluminescence. In the case of injection electroluminescence (also known as low-field electroluminescence), electrons and holes are directly injected from the electrodes into the crystal. When these charge carriers recombine within the crystal, excess energy is released in the form of light. Intrinsic electroluminescence (or high-field electroluminescence) is akin to an in vivo luminescence effect. In inorganic electroluminescent materials, electrons gain energy and collide with and excite luminescent centers under high electric fields. Consequently, the excited electrons in the luminescent centers transition to lower energy states, emitting light. Currently, the most widely used inorganic electroluminescent materials included zinc sulfide-based compounds and perovskite materials. Zinc sulfide exhibits excellent thermal stability, mechanical strength and high carrier mobility, making it a common choice for thin-film transistors and other electronic devices. Doping zinc sulfide with metal elements (such as copper, aluminum or manganese) allows for the creation of different variants, such as zinc sulfide: copper (green) and zinc sulfide: manganese (orange), enabling tunable emission colors by adjusting the frequency of the AC electric field. However, localized electric field breakdown remains a challenge, leading to device damage. Perovskite materials offer adjustable band gaps, narrow half-peak widths, high carrier mobility and efficient fluorescence. When used as the light- emitting layer in perovskite light-emitting diodes, they exhibit high color purity, brightness and a wide color gamut. By modifying the composition of halide ions and adjusting cation proportions, the optical and electrical properties of perovskite can be tailored, showing promise in lighting and display applications. Nevertheless, challenges related to stability, mechanical properties, toxicity, and large-scale manufacturing persist for flexible perovskite electroluminescent materials As demand grows for convenient solutions, electroluminescent devices are expected to serve additional functions, including health monitoring, electronic communication and aerospace applications. Among these, textile displays play a crucial role in transmitting information anytime and anywhere. Wearable electronic products integrated into shoes, clothing and watches enhance human convenience. The acquisition and display of textile electroluminescent devices rely on luminous fabrics and fibers, utilizing printing, coating, lamination and fiber weaving technologies. These methods impose stringent requirements on brightness and device lifespan, necessitating improved device structures and combination modes to achieve stable and durable performance in textile applications. At present, large-scale continuous production of flexible inorganic electroluminescent devices remains a challenge. As new display applications emerge, stricter demands are placed on flexible electroluminescent devices. In flexible inorganic electroluminescent devices, the development and application of electroluminescent devices need to be combined with other disciplines to develop a multifunctional device to meet people's needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]