Seasonal variation of arsenic in PM10 and PMx in an urban park: The influence of vegetation-related biomethylation on the distribution of its organic species and air quality.

Arsenic (As) levels in particulate matter (PM) are routinely monitored in cities of developed countries. Despite advances in the knowledge of its inorganic species in PM in urban areas, organic species are often overlooked with no information on their behaviour in urban parks – areas with increased potential for As biomethylation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize As distribution, bioaccessibility, seasonal variation and speciation (AsIII, AsV, MMA, DMA and TMAO) in PM x –PM 10 of an urban park. Two sites with different distance from the road were selected for winter and summer sampling. From the PM samples, we gravimetrically determined PM 10 concentrations in the air and via ICP-MS the total As content there. To assess the portion of bioaccessible As, water extractable As content was analysed. Simultaneously, the As species in PM 10 water extracts were analysed via coupling of HPLC with ICP-MS method. There was no seasonal difference in PM 10 concentration in the park, probably due to the increased summer PM load related to recreational activities in the park and park design. Spatial distribution of total As in PM 10 and As fractional distribution in PM x suggested that As mostly didn't originate from traffic although highest As content was observed in the fine fraction (PM 2.5) related to combustion processes. However, significant winter increase of As (determined by AsIII and AsV) despite the unchanged concentration of PM 10 indicated a decisive influence of household heating-related combustion and possibly influence of reduced vegetation density. As present in the PM 10 was mostly in bioaccessible form. Seasonal influence of As biomethylation was clearly demonstrated on the TMAO specie during the summer campaign. Except the significant summer TMAO increase, the results also indicated the biomethylation influence on DMA. Therefore, an increased risk of exposure to organic As species in urban parks can be expected during summer. [Display omitted] • Park environment was chosen to evaluate the seasonal trend of organic As species. • The nature of the seasonal variations of As differs with its species. • Arsenic present in the PM 10 was mostly (86–100%) bioaccessible. • Approximately 82% of As was bounded to the PM x fractions of 0.15–1.6 μm. • TMAO controlled biomethylation-related summer increase in organic As species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]