REVIEW: "ISCHEMIC STROKE: From Fibrinolysis to Functional Recovery" Nanomedicine: emerging approaches to treat ischemic stroke.

• Nanoparticles (NPs) are versatile agents to treat all phases of ischemic stroke. • Thrombolysis and neuroprotection can be tackled with nanotechnologies. • Many NPs have promising preclinical results, but only few reach the clinical stage. • Robust and scalable production methods are needed to produce NPs for clinical use. • Efficacy and biosafety tests must be standardized to improve nanosystem assessment. Stroke is responsible for 11% of all deaths worldwide, the majority of which are caused by ischemic strokes, thus making the need to urgently find safe and effective therapies. Today, these can be cured either by mechanical thrombectomy when the thrombus is accessible, or by intravenous injection of fibrinolytics. However, the latter present several limitations, such as potential severe side effects, few eligible patients and low rate of partial and full recovery. To design safer and more effective treatments, nanomedicine appeared in this medical field a few decades ago. This review will explain why nanoparticle-based therapies and imaging techniques are relevant for ischemic stroke management. Then, it will present the different nanoparticle types that have been recently developed to treat this pathology. It will also study the various targeting strategies used to bring nanoparticles to the stroke site, thereby limiting side effects and improving the therapeutic efficacy. Finally, this review will present the few clinical studies testing nanomedicine on stroke and discuss potential causes for their scarcity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]