The COVID-19 Pandemic and E-Learning: The Digital Divide and Educational Crises in Pakistan's Universities.

Recent advances in information and communication technology (ICT) have significantly impacted some critical sectors of societies (such as transport, health, business, and communication) across many developed and developing countries. Nevertheless, the Internet has proliferated unequally across the world, resulting in global digital inequalities. The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic led to the deployment of online education to prevent the interruption of academic progress in schools and universities worldwide. The global pandemic further worsened the situation for Pakistan, which is neither economically strong nor has a well-established ICT infrastructure capable of facilitating the successful implementations of virtual courses and classes. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the level of Internet access among Pakistani universities' teachers and students, and their ICT skills as they applied to online education during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study used the qualitative method of email interviews and thematic analysis to present the study's results. This study revealed that most Pakistani students, especially those from rural and remote areas, experienced challenges because they neither had proper Internet access, nor could they use laptops and virtual learning systems. Students who belonged to the upper and middle classes of urban areas and enrolled in private-sector universities, were not as directly affected by Pakistan's pervasive digital divide to carry out their education during the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]