Editorial.

The article discusses recent developments in European administrative law, specifically focusing on the Court of Justice's extension of its case law regarding administrative penalties of a criminal nature. The Court applies three criteria to determine whether a penalty qualifies as criminal, including the qualification of the offense under national law, the nature of the offense, and the severity of the sanction. The article also examines the Court's approach to penalties labeled as criminal and the potential drawbacks of leaving the final qualification of the sanction to the referring court. Additionally, the article includes several other contributions discussing topics such as the principle of ne bis in idem, the quasi-judicial role of national competent authorities, and the challenges faced by regulatory authorities in the Dutch railway sector. [Extracted from the article]