Challenges of therapeutic applications and regenerative capacities of urine based stem cells in oral, and maxillofacial reconstruction.

Urine-derived stem cells (USCs) have gained the attention of researchers in the biomedical field in the past few years. Regarding the several varieties of cells that have been used for this purpose, USCs have demonstrated mesenchymal stem cell-like properties, such as differentiation and immunomodulation. Furthermore, they could be differentiated into several lineages. This is very interesting for regenerative techniques based on cell therapy. This review will embark on describing their separation, and profiling. We will specifically describe the USCs characteristics, in addition to their differentiation potential. Then, we will introduce and explore the primary uses of USCs. These involve thier utilization as a platform to produce stem cells, however, we shall concentrate on the utilization of USCs for therapeutic, and regenerative orofacial applications, providing an in-depth evaluation of this purpose. The final portion will address the limitations and challenges of their implementation in regenerative dentistry. [Display omitted] • Challenges of utilizing urine-derived stem cells for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. • Importance of standardizing collection procedures, establishing qualifying criteria for donors, and detecting pollutants in urine. • Potential of urine-based stem cells in replacing autografts and allografts for bone defect treatments. • Differentiation potential of urine-derived stem cells and their application in orofacial tissue reconstruction. • Future directions of using urine-based stem cells in regenerative dentistry and maxillofacial surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]