Design and development of photonic crystal fiber for application of milk purity detection: an approach of performance analysis.

This paper presents a numerical analysis of various sensing features of a hollow-core photonic crystal fiber-based milk sensor in the terahertz (THz) frequency range (e.g., 1.0 THz ≤ f ≤ 3.0 THz). The performance of this proposed sensor was evaluated by COMSOL Multiphysics, a commercial program that uses the finite element approach. The computational results indicate that the relative sensitivity is 97.984, 97.696, and 97.586% respectively, at f = 2.2 THz, for several types of cow milk, camel milk, and water; and the corresponding effective areas are 187,210, 187,870, 186,170 μm2. In addition, it has been explained that the effective material loss for water, cow, and camel milk is 0.0066172, 0.0066961, and 0.0066991 cm−1, respectively. Moreover, the proposed sensor also has low confinement losses are 1.86 × 10–13, 1.89 × 10–13, 1.891 × 10–13 dB/m a high numerical aperture (0.37), and birefringence is 4.5 × 10–04 under ideal geometry and operational circumstances compared to the previous research work. This sensor may be produced using standard manufacturing techniques, and due to its enhanced detecting capabilities, it can be a crucial part of milk sensing devices implemented in real life such as industry fields related to milk sensing by fabrication using the 3D printing method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]