Lanthanum and cerium functionalised forestry waste biochar for phosphate removal: Mechanisms and real-world applications.

[Display omitted] • Novel mono- (La) and bi-metal (CeLa) biochars were synthesised from conifer brash. • High adsorption capacities were detected (78 mg/g) in eutrophic lake water. • The governing adsorption mechanism was through ligand exchange. • La carbonate was the major ligand for exchange with phosphate on the surface. • Low toxicity response with marginal inhibition (<5%) was noted with Lepidium sativum. Phosphorus as a diminishing finite resource, yet is an essential element for the growth of biota. However, elevated concentrations in water can imbalance ecosystems and cause eutrophication. To address both problems, two highly efficient biochars, namely La-OB and CeLa-OB were synthesised by lanthanum and cerium doping. The performance of La-OB and CeLa-OB were evaluated in both batch and dynamic regimes with synthetic phosphate (PO 4 3--P) solutions and eutrophic lake water. PO 4 3--P adsorption mechanisms were investigated in terms of pH, kinetics, isotherms, activation energy, thermodynamics and using in-depth characterisation (XPS, FTIR, XRD, BET, pH pzc and SEM-EDX). The feasibility of using such biochar in 'real life' situations was studied with column filtration of lake water with low and high PO 4 3--P concentrations. Reusability/desorption and toxicity in the water environment was also considered. The mechanistic study showed that both biochars predominantly had inner-sphere complexes with La and Ce ligands (as a monolayer), while outer-sphere complexation was less common. The exothermic adsorption process followed the Elovich kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 112 mg/g for La-OB and 40 mg/g for CeLa-OB. In column filtration trials the adsorption capacity reached 78 mg/g, while low metal leaching (0.08 mg/L) and low toxicity to Lepidium sativum germination were detected. The results indicated that these biochars, especially La-OB, could be used in circular economy-based water treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]