Virtual Energy Storage System Scheduling for Commercial Buildings with Fixed and Dynamic Energy Storage.

This study presents a virtual energy storage system (VESS) scheduling method that strategically integrates fixed and dynamic energy storage (ES) solutions to optimize energy management in commercial buildings. Fixed ES, such as batteries, provides stable flexibility but is expensive and can be inefficiently operated. In contrast, dynamic ES can be utilized as needed but requires validation of their flexibility. By combining fixed ES with dynamic ES utilizing vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capabilities, this approach enhances grid stability and manages energy costs more effectively. Empirical validation using real-world data from Korea demonstrates significant improvements in total net benefits by reducing energy costs, which are crucial for the economic sustainability of commercial energy use. Additionally, the analysis of Pearson's linear correlation coefficient with demand identifies where benefits occur in the scheduling process. The integrated system reduces the need for costly upgrades to the utility grid, suggesting a strategic advantage for large-scale adoption. This study establishes a framework for the broader implementation of such integrated systems, highlighting the potential for substantial improvements in energy efficiency, reduced carbon emissions, and enhanced grid reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]