Morpho-physiological traits and tissue burdens of Ecklonia radiata linked to environmental variation in an urban estuary.

Organisms respond to their environment in various ways, including moving, adapting, acclimatising or a combination of responses. Within estuarine habitats, organisms are exposed to naturally variable environmental conditions. In urbanised estuaries, these natural variations can interact with human stressors such as habitat modification and pollution. Here, we investigated trait variation in the golden kelp Ecklonia radiata across an urban estuary - Sydney Harbour, Australia. We found that kelp morphology differed significantly between the more human-modified inner and the less modified outer harbour. Kelp individuals were smaller, had fewer laminae, and lacked spines in the inner harbour where it was warmer, more contaminated and less light was available. Inner harbour populations were characterised by lower tissue nitrogen and higher lead concentrations. These findings provide insights into how environmental variation could affect kelp morphology and physiology, and the high trait variation suggests adaptive capacity in E. radiata. • We assessed spatial variation in Ecklonia radiata traits across an urban estuary. • The inner estuary was warmer, more turbid, and contaminated than the outer estuary. • Outer harbour kelp had thicker stipes, longer and narrower laminae with spines. • Tissue concentrations of lead were higher and nitrogen lower in the inner estuary. • The high trait variation suggests environmental adaptability of E. radiata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]