Load flow balancing in super smart grids: A review of technical challenges, possible solutions and future trends from European prospective.

Policies aim to increase the penetration of renewable energy resources (RERs) to minimize the dependence on fossil fuels, have compelled different countries to devise their diverse blueprints by transforming smart grids infrastructure into futuristic grids or super smart grids (SSGs). Europe is taking the lead by developing SSGs by 2050, based on two exclusive alternatives, i.e., totally based on RERs and dispersed large decentralized networks. Critically assessing tensions in balancing load flow associated with RERs is a complicated task in SSGs. To solve this concern, the advanced probabilistic model is adopted in this research to observe the variations in demand and response profiles and mitigate it through transmission network planning using a super smart node transmission network topology (SSN). The proposed SSN transmission network topology outperforms the power synergy hub (PSHub) topology used in the existing literature through achieving an optimal load flow balancing in SSGs power infrastructure. This is also verified through simulation results, which provides an effective utilization of continuous spinning reserves (CSRs) and vehicle to grid (V2G) topologies integrated in an SSN transmission network topology for managing an optimized load flow balancing in SSGs. Additionally, this research work also provides a comprehensive overview of technical challenges in SSGs in terms of power flow control, their possible solutions, and future prospects. Finally, this paper concluded with the 2050 framework of futuristic SSGs, which provides a road map path for a sustainable and green energy environment for European infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]