Advancing Accuracy in Sea Level Estimation with GNSS-R: A Fusion of LSTM-DNN-Based Deep Learning and SNR Residual Sequences.

The global navigation satellite system reflectometry (GNSS-R) technique has shown promise in retrieving sea levels using signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) data. However, its accuracy and performance are often limited compared to conventional tide gauges, particularly due to constraints in satellite elevation angles. To address these limitations, we propose a methodology integrating Long Short-Term Memory Deep Neural Networks (LSTM-DNN) models, utilising SNR residual sequences as key feature inputs. Our study focuses on the SC02 station, examining elevation angles ranging from 5° to 10°, 5° to 15°, and 5° to 20°. Results reveal notable reductions in root mean square errors (RMSE) of 2.855%, 17.519%, and 15.756%, respectively, showcasing improvements in accuracy across varying elevation angles. Of particular significance is the enhancement in precision observed at higher elevation angles. This underscores the valuable contribution of our approach to nearshore sea level wave height retrieval, promising advancements in the GNSS-R technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]