Multimodal surface wave inversion with automatic differentiation.

Investigating subsurface shear wave velocity (v s) structures using surface wave dispersion data involves minimizing a misfit function that is commonly solved through gradient-based optimization. Sensitivity kernels for model updates are commonly estimated using numerical differentiation, variational methods or implicit functions which however, may involve numerical instability and computational challenges when dealing with complex velocity models and large data sets. In this study, we propose a novel surface wave inversion framework in which error-free gradients are calculated by automatic differentiation (AD) and forward modelling is implemented by convenient computational graphs in the state-of-the-art deep learning framework. The AD-based inversion approach is first validated using two synthetic data sets. Then, the subsurface structures at three distinct locations, namely the Great Plains and the Long Beach in the US and Tong Zhou in China, are also derived using this method with seismic ambient noise data, which show nice consistency with those obtained using traditional methods. With the significantly improved computational efficiency, a great number of initial models can be inverted simultaneously to mitigate the impact of local minima and to estimate the uncertainty in the invert models. We have developed a new surface wave inversion package named ADsurf based on automatic differentiation and computational graphs in the deep learning framework, and its computational efficiency is also compared with the traditional finite-difference-based gradient estimation approach. While a great number of intriguing studies on the geophysical inverse problems have been conducted recently using deep learning for end-to-end mapping, the use of AD provided in the in the deep learning frameworks to assist and expedite the gradient computations are still underexploited in geophysics. Thus, it is expected that various geophysical inverse problems in many different areas beyond the surface wave inversion can also be tackled with this new paradigm in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]