Electrotransfer for nucleic acid and protein delivery.

Electrotransfer is an effective non-viral strategy to deliver exogenous cargo such as nucleic acids and proteins into living cells in ex vivo and in vivo scenarios. Next-generation electrotransfer strategies aim at enhancing efficiency through localized electroporation and hybrid methods involving microfluidics, mechanoporation, and sonoporation. In addition, there is a focus on creating affordable, single-use electroporation devices that will potentially expand the global reach of DNA vaccination. Continuous advances in electrotransfer, and the integration of these next-generation electroporation techniques into in utero and in vivo applications, hold the promise of significantly improving gene-editing efficiencies in these scenarios. Promising results from clinical trials utilizing DNA electrotransfer highlight its favorable safety profile and indicate encouraging prospects for its broader application. Electrotransfer of nucleic acids and proteins has become crucial in biotechnology for gene augmentation and genome editing. This review explores the applications of electrotransfer in both ex vivo and in vivo scenarios, emphasizing biomedical uses. We provide insights into completed clinical trials and successful instances of nucleic acid and protein electrotransfer into therapeutically relevant cells such as immune cells and stem and progenitor cells. In addition, we delve into emerging areas of electrotransfer where nanotechnology and deep learning techniques overcome the limitations of traditional electroporation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]