Inteins: A Swiss army knife for synthetic biology.

Inteins are proteins found in nature that execute protein splicing. Among them, split inteins stand out for their versatility and adaptability, presenting creative solutions for addressing intricate challenges in various biological applications. Their exquisite attributes, including compactness, reliability, orthogonality, low toxicity, and irreversibility, make them of interest to various fields including synthetic biology, biotechnology and biomedicine. In this review, we delve into the inherent challenges of using inteins, present approaches for overcoming these challenges, and detail their reliable use for specific cellular tasks. We will discuss the use of conditional inteins in areas like cancer therapy, drug screening, patterning, infection treatment, diagnostics and biocontainment. Additionally, we will underscore the potential of inteins in executing basic logical operations with practical implications. We conclude by showcasing their potential in crafting complex genetic circuits for performing computations and feedback control that achieves robust perfect adaptation. • Inteins enable protein post-translational modifications without external cofactors. • Inteins are utilized for bio-computations including logic gates and feedback control. • Inteins are used for drug screening, targeted protein delivery and biocontainment. • They have shown promise in diagnostics, cancer therapy and treating viral infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]