A literature review of dense crowd simulation.

Pedestrian modeling and simulation has become an interesting topic that has gained scientists' interest over the past few decades. While this field has yielded significant achievements in various applications, questions have been raised regarding the applicability of simulations in high-density scenarios. To this purpose, this paper comprehensively reviews pedestrian simulation models specifically focused on high-density situations. The review examines a total of 116 articles and categorizes their approaches for modeling pedestrian behaviors to different decisional levels. The strengths and limitations of these modeling approaches are compared and evaluated using different criteria for dense crowd simulations, such as their ability to simulate common emergent behaviors in crowded situations, performance, validation, and capacity to integrate into high-level modeling. Finally, the review provides potential directions for future research and development of dense crowd simulations. • Conducting a systematic review of existing approaches for dense crowd simulation. • Investigating pedestrian simulation models at different behavioral levels. • Comparing various models using multiple criteria tailored to high-density situations. • Analyzing the advantages and drawbacks of simulation models in crowded settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]