Effects by geothermal gradient on thermal response tests for boreholes.

• Quasi-steady-state model of deep borehole handles geothermal gradient. • Geothermal gradient may delay or prevent development of quasi-steady-state period. • Geothermal gradient affects TRT estimates of borehole and ground properties. • Choice of fluid inlet in coaxial borehole changes geothermal gradient effects. • As parameter | q ratio | decreases to 1 or less, models must include geothermal gradient. A thermal response test (TRT) on a borehole provides information needed in the design of ground heat exchangers for ground source heat pump systems. Conventional analysis of TRT data sets uses the late-time period to estimate the ground thermal conductivity and the effective borehole resistance. During this quasi-steady-state period, the transient average fluid temperature has a logarithmic linear trend, which is consistent with conventional heat transfer models that assume a uniform undisturbed ground temperature. As the depth of the borehole increases the undisturbed ground temperature increases with depth following the geothermal gradient. This paper focuses on how the geothermal gradient affects a TRT. As the geothermal gradient increases, the required time to reach the conventional logarithmic linear trend may increase beyond any practical testing duration in coaxial boreholes. Then, conventional analysis methods based on a quasi-steady-state period incorrectly estimate the ground thermal conductivity. The magnitude of this effect is controlled through a dimensionless parameter | q ratio |, which includes the geothermal gradient and other test parameters. In place of conventional models, a transient model that includes the geothermal gradient and fluid thermal storage can estimate the ground thermal conductivity and local borehole resistance within the typical TRT testing duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]