Surveillance of mosquitoes harnessing their buzzing sound.

• Mosquito sounds are important for communication. • Mosquito produces highly species-specific and sex-specific sounds. • The sound profiles of 19 species of females and 9 species of males were generated. • Fundamental and harmonic frequencies are prominent for species, sex and fed-unfed identification. • The sound-based identification method enables automated surveillance. Mosquito surveillance for vector-borne disease management relies on traditional morphological and molecular techniques, which are tedious, time-consuming, and costly. The present study describes a simple and efficient recording device that analyzes mosquito sound to estimate species composition, male-female ratio, fed-unfed status, and harmonic convergence interaction using fundamental frequency (F 0) bandwidth, harmonics, amplitude, and combinations of these parameters. The study examined a total of 19 mosquito species, including 3 species of Aedes , 7 species of Anopheles , 1 species of Armigeres , 5 species of Culex , 1 species of Hulecoetomyia , and 2 species of Mansonia. Among them, the F 0 ranges between 269.09 ± 2.96 Hz (Anopheles culiciformis) to 567.51 ± 3.82 Hz (Aedes vittatus) and the harmonic band (hb) number ranges from 5 (An. culiciformis) to 12 (Ae. albopictus). In terms of species identification, the success rate was 95.32 % with F 0 , 84.79 % with F 0 - bandwidth, 84.79 % with harmonic band (hb) diversity, and 49.7 % with amplitude (dB). The species identification rate has gone up to 96.50 % and 97.66 % with the ratio and multiplication of F 0 and hb , respectively. This is because of the matrices that combine multiple sound attributes. Comparatively, combinations of the amplitude of the F 0 and the higher harmonic frequency band were non-significant for species identification (60.82 %). The fed females have shown a considerable increase in F 0 in comparison to the unfed. The males of all the species possessed significantly higher frequencies with respect to the females. Interestingly, the presence of male-female of Ae. vittatus together showed harmonic convergence between the 2nd and 3rd harmonic bands. In conclusion, the sound-based technology is simple, precise, and cost-effective and provides better resolution for species, sex, and fed-unfed status detection in comparison to conventional methods. Real-time surveillance of mosquitoes could potentially utilize this technology. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]