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The longitudinal analysis for the association between smoking and the risk of depressive symptoms.
- Source :
-
BMC Psychiatry . 5/15/2024, Vol. 24 Issue 1, p1-8. 8p. - Publication Year :
- 2024
-
Abstract
- Background: Despite high smoking rate in people with depressive symptoms, there is ongoing debate about relationship between smoking and depressive symptoms. Methods: Study participants were 57,441 Korean men. We collected their baseline data between 2011 and 2012, and conducted follow-up from 2013 to 2019. They were categorized by smoking status (never: < 100 cigarettes smoking in life time, former: currently quitting smoking, and current smoker: currently smoking), smoking amount (pack/day and pack-year) and urine cotinine excretion. The development of depressive symptoms was determined in CES-D score ≥ 16. Cox proportional hazards model was used to analyze the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for depressive symptoms in relation to smoking status, smoking amount, and urine cotinine excretion. Results: During 6.7 years of median follow-up, the risk of depressive symptoms increased in order of never (reference), former (HR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.01—1.15) and current smoker (HR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.16—1.32). Among current smoker, the risk of depressive symptoms increased proportionally to daily smoking amount (< 1 pack; HR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.13—1.29, and ≥ 1 pack; HR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.23 – 1.45). This pattern of relationship was consistently observed for pack-year in former smoker and current smoker. Additionally, urine cotinine excretion was proportionally associated with the risk of depressive symptoms. Conclusion: Exposure to smoking was associated with the increased risk of depressive symptoms. Dose dependent relationship was observed between smoking amount and the risk of depressive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Subjects :
- *MENTAL depression
*PROPORTIONAL hazards models
*SMOKING cessation
*SMOKING
*KOREANS
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1471244X
- Volume :
- 24
- Issue :
- 1
- Database :
- Academic Search Index
- Journal :
- BMC Psychiatry
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 177285654
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-05828-7