Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Immunotherapy in Resectable NSCLC.

Simple Summary: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), even in early stages, has been a fatal diagnosis and a leading death cause worldwide for decades. The aim of this review is to analyze the steps towards immunotherapy in the pre-, post-, and perioperative setting of resectable lung cancer while highlighting the challenges that have arisen and the future considerations to take into account in order to optimize the therapeutic results. Non-small cell lung cancer, even when diagnosed in early stages, has been linked with poor survival rates and distant recurrence patterns. Novel therapeutic approaches harnessing the immune system have been implemented in early stages, following the designated steps of advanced NSCLC treatment strategies. Immune-checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) regimens as monotherapy, combinational, or alongside chemotherapy have been intensely investigated as adjuvant, neoadjuvant, and, more recently, perioperative therapeutic strategies, representing pivotal milestones in the evolution of early lung cancer management while holding great potential for the future. The subject of current ongoing research is optimizing treatment outcomes for patient subsets with different needs and identifying biomarkers that could be predictive of response while translating the trials' endpoints to survival rates. The aim of this review is to discuss all current treatment options with the pros and cons of each, persistent challenges, and future perspectives on immunotherapy as illuminating the path to a new era for resectable NSCLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]