Indirect effects of revegetation dominate groundwater recharge change at the basin scale.

Attribution of groundwater recharge (GR) change is important for understanding subsurface hydrological processes and managing regional groundwater resources. Despite vegetation change directly influencing GR, its indirect effects are mostly incorporated into other effects because of multicollinearity in environmental factors. Taking the 59 hydrological stations from 13 basins in the Loess Plateau of China as an example, GR was estimated with daily streamflow data and recession-curve-displacement method for 1961–2019. Geographical detector was employed to qualitatively attribute the spatial variability of GR, while structural equation modeling and elasticity coefficient method were utilized for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the direct and indirect impacts of environmental factors on the temporal variation of GR. The annual mean GR in 13 basins ranged from 11 to 53 mm/year, and the spatial heterogeneity of GR can be well explained by loess thickness. GR significantly decreased in 68% of hydrological stations by 38% ± 15%. Averaged over the 13 basins, the direct and indirect effects of NDVI change respectively accounted for 10% and 48% of GR reduction, which greatly exceeded other factors. The indirect effects of vegetation change dominated GR change, but they were getting smaller with increasing latitude. This study highlights the importance in considering indirect effects of vegetation change in hydrological variability, and the results can improve the understanding of hydrological variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]