A comprehensive assessment and comparison of the impacts of storage parameters on solute transport in streams using a novel framework.

• Storage models could be more sensitive to A S /A compared to other parameters. • For dispersion-dominant streams, the calibration of MADE has lower uncertainty. • In advection-dominant river, the estimated storage parameters have lower uncertainty. Researchers must determine the storage parameter values to understand the storage processes and compare them across streams. These parameters are highly variable in time and space, making them challenging to measure. Individual studies of a single stream cannot characterize the interrelations among the processes involved in solute transport, hydraulic variables, and physical stream characteristics. Despite decades of research, a comprehensive framework is lacking. This study uses a simple and effective Monte Carlo approach to propose a general framework within which most solute transport models can undergo sensitivity analysis. This framework provides a comprehensive depiction of model performance under various scenarios, such as flow properties, stream geomorphology, and solute status. The relative and absolute sensitivities of three solute transport models, namely, the modified advection–dispersion equation (MADE), transient storage model (TSM), and variable residence time (VART), were evaluated and compared within the proposed framework. The main findings can be summarized as follows. In most conditions, storage models are more sensitive to the ratio of the storage zone cross-section to the stream cross-section than other parameters. Increasing the exchange rate between the stream and storage zones reduces the sensitivity to its indicative parameter and, consequently, its impact on the concentration time series. MADE's capability to identify modification parameters is higher for streams where dispersion dominates over advection, and their estimates have lower uncertainty. On the other hand, as advection becomes more dominant over dispersion in TSM and VART, estimated storage parameters have lower uncertainty." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]