Numerical investigation of time-dependent MHD rotating hybrid nanofluid flow over a permeable stretching sheet.

We explored the three-dimensional flow characteristics of a rotating hybrid nanofluid over a permeable stretching surface, incorporating three prominent hybrid nanofluid models: Yamada–Ota, Xue, and Tiwari–Das. The study covers both multi-wall and single-wall carbon nanotubes, exhibiting properties within water. The fluid motion is induced through standard magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) on the spinning permeable stretched sheet. To establish the theoretical framework for fluid flow, we applied boundary layer approximations to the governing laws, including momentum, energy, and mass, leading to the development of partial differential equations. Applying appropriate transformations to the governing partial differential equations (PDEs) results in coupled ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The BVP4c solver in MATLAB has employed to solve the nonlinear ODEs, along with the specified boundary conditions. A BVP4c technique within the MATLAB program has been utilized for obtaining solutions. The results are presented graphically for various physical variables such as the magnetic parameter, porosity parameter, spinning parameter, inertial coefficient, and Eckert number. Additionally, numerical data are provided in tabular format. It is noteworthy that the Yamada–Ota model demonstrates superior heat transfer performance for hybrid nanofluids compared to both the Xue and Tiwari–Das models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]