Unplanned rapid urban growth in Birjand, Iran (1986–2022).

This study investigates the transformation of Birjand from a historic city to a rapidly developing urban centre, with a focus on the effects of infrastructure and architectural development initiatives in the context of urban planning history. These processes are spearheaded by governmental entities, urban planners, and development agencies, use urban design, construction, and financial resources to fundamentally transform the urban landscape. The study employs a descriptive-analytical framework and spatial analysis tools such as ENVI and TerrSet software to investigate the historical social transformations in Birjand. The primary objective is to analyse the impact of these changes on the city's structure, cultural components, and spatial dynamics. This study aims to investigate the effects of development initiatives on the historic areas of Birjand, with a specific focus on the influence of newly constructed streets on the preservation of the city's historical fabric. The study's insights are enhanced through the implementation of a more robust analytical framework, which includes the utilization of statistical analysis and comparison studies. The results indicate that there are negative consequences on the historical regions, resulting in changes to their distinctive qualities, cultural importance, and overall atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]