Etiological Spectrum of Cirrhosis in India: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Cirrhosis is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality globally and in India. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to ascertain the etiological spectrum and changing trends of cirrhosis in India. We searched electronic databases, including Pubmed/Medline, Scopus, and Embase. We included original studies that reported the etiology of cirrhosis in the Indian population. We included 158 studies (adults: 147, children: 11). The overall pooled estimate of alcohol as a cause of cirrhosis in adults was 43.2% (95% confidence interval (CI) 39.8–46.6%; I2 = 97.8%), followed by nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/cryptogenic in 14.4%, 95% CI (11.7–17.3%; I2 = 98.4%), hepatitis B virus (HBV) in 11.5%, 95% CI (9.8–13.3%; I2 = 96.6%), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in 6.2%, 95% CI (4.8–7.8%; I2 = 97.2%) of the included patients. The most common cause of cirrhosis in all zones was alcohol-related. Comparison of etiologies over time revealed a reduction in the viral hepatitis-related and an increase in the proportion of alcohol-related and NAFLD/cryptogenic-related cirrhosis. The overall pooled estimates of various etiologies in children were: HBV in 10.7%, 95% CI (4.6–18.7%; I2 = 91.0%), NAFLD/Cryptogenic in 22.3%, 95% CI (9.0–39.2%; I2 = 96.7%), and HCV in 2.0%, 95% CI (0.0–8.5%; I2 = 94.6%). Alcohol is the most common etiology of cirrhosis in adults in India. The proportions of alcohol and NAFLD-related cirrhosis are increasing, and those of viral hepatitis-related cirrhosis are reducing. The results of our meta-analysis will help formulate health policies and the allocation of resources. The burden of liver disease, including cirrhosis, is increasing globally and in India. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to ascertain the etiological spectrum and changing trends of cirrhosis in India. The authors included 158 studies (adults: 147, children: 11) published from India. The overall pooled estimate of alcohol as a cause of cirrhosis in adults was 43·2 % (95 % CI 39·8–46·6 %; I2 = 97·8 %), followed by NAFLD/Cryptogenic in 14·4 % (11·7–17·3 %; I2 = 98·4 %), hepatitis b virus in 11·5 % (95 % CI 9·8–13·3 %; I2 = 96·6 %), and hepatitis C virus in 6·2 % (95 % CI 4·8–7·8 %; I2 = 97·2 %) of the included patients. Alcohol is the most common etiology of cirrhosis in adults in India. Time trends suggest an increase in alcohol-related and NAFLD/Cryptogenic-related cirrhosis and a reduction in viral hepatitis-related cirrhosis. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]