Accurate Range-Free Localization with Hybrid DV-Hop Algorithms Based on PSO for UWB Wireless Sensor Networks.

The implementation of ultra-wideband technology for accurate indoor location in industrial and public environments has recently been the basis of numerous research studies. Wireless sensor networks must take localization into consideration. Localization processes improve in various ways when mobility is established. As research progresses on range-free localization with UWB, enhancements in methods and optimal techniques need to be evaluated for the present scenario. Within a single localization zone, they focus is on accuracy. The objective of work is to improve the location accuracy by decreasing localization error with hybrid optimal techniques and algorithms. However, many large-scale applications will benefit from technologies developed for line-of-sight conditions. TDOA (Time Difference of Arrival) is a method for calculating the distance between two or more radio transmitters and one receiver. Distance vector routing protocols measure distance by the number of routers a packet has to pass through; one router counts as one hop. These protocols send the entire routing table to each neighbor every 30 s. DV-Hop method has been adopted for the present work, and hybridization has been considered as a means of enhancing the results. Accuracy with initial measurement techniques lies in 2D and 3D with Kalman filter linked with DV-Hop to reduce initial errors. Localization error in nodes' dynamic momentum was observed, and the deployment of beacons in the range-free selected area was estimated with an improved technique. Ensemble method (EM)-PSO-based optimization with hybrid HOP algorithms is proposed in the present work. The results of the present approach show a significant difference in localization error reduction compared to conventional DV-HOP. Finally, an error below 2% is observed using multiple iterations, and a variation of 15% is observed compared with other state-of-the-art existing techniques. Using hybrid algorithms, this increased accuracy can then be used to reduce the localization error in network for the application users in range-free conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]