Experimental study and modeling of thermal and rheological characteristics of water-based CuO/CaCO3/SiO2 ternary hybrid nanofluid.

A comprehensive inspection on thermo-physical and flow assets of aqueous CuO/CaCO 3 /SiO 2 ternary hybrid nanofluid (THNFs) was conducted. All investigates accomplished at the temperatures of 15 to 60 °C and 0.1–0.5 vol% of nanoparticles concentrations. Experimental data demonstrated that all THNFs presented Newtonian behavior at the studied concentrations. Development of temperature and volume concentration of the nanoparticles cause to increase usual viscosity and thermal conductivity. Maximum development of thermal conductivity relative to distilled water (DW) was achieved to 78.6% at 0.5 total vol% and 15 °C with the volume ratios of 60:30:10, respectively. Thermal resistivity act as the reverse of the thermal conductivity. Moreover, specific heat of the nanofluids decreased with volume fraction. Also, temperature augmentation led to the reduction of heat capacity followed by increasing. With the purpose of prediction of the significant thermos-physical properties of the THNFs, mathematical correlations with 99% precision have been derived and suggested. Activation energy of a typical THNF with 60:30:10 vol ratios determined from linearized Arrhenius equation as 15838 (± 63.5) J/mol. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]