Scheduling for the Flexible Job-Shop Problem with a Dynamic Number of Machines Using Deep Reinforcement Learning.

The dynamic flexible job-shop problem (DFJSP) is a realistic and challenging problem that many production plants face. As the product line becomes more complex, the machines may suddenly break down or resume service, so we need a dynamic scheduling framework to cope with the changing number of machines over time. This issue has been rarely addressed in the literature. In this paper, we propose an improved learning-to-dispatch (L2D) model to generate a reasonable and good schedule to minimize the makespan. We formulate a DFJSP as a disjunctive graph and use graph neural networks (GINs) to embed the disjunctive graph into states for the agent to learn. The use of GINs enables the model to handle the dynamic number of machines and to effectively generalize to large-scale instances. The learning agent is a multi-layer feedforward network trained with a reinforcement learning algorithm, called proximal policy optimization. We trained the model on small-sized problems and tested it on various-sized problems. The experimental results show that our model outperforms the existing best priority dispatching rule algorithms, such as shortest processing time, most work remaining, flow due date per most work remaining, and most operations remaining. The results verify that the model has a good generalization capability and, thus, demonstrate its effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]