Energy management of hydrogen hybrid electric vehicles — A potential analysis.

The hydrogen combustion engine (H 2 ICE) is known to be able to burn H 2 , producing no CO 2 emissions and extremely low engine-out NO x eo emissions. In this work, the potential to reduce the NO x eo emissions through the implementation of electric hybridization of an H 2 ICE-equipped passenger car (H 2 -HEV), combined with a dedicated energy management system (EMS) is discussed. Achieving a low H 2 consumption and low NO x eo emissions are conflicting objectives, the trade-off of which depends on the EMS and can be represented as a Pareto front. The dynamic programming algorithm is used to calculate the Pareto-optimal EMS calibrations for various driving missions. Through the utilization of a dedicated energy management calibration, H 2 -HEVs exhibit the potential to decrease the NO x eo emissions by more than 90%, while, decreasing the H 2 consumption by over 16%, compared to a comparable non-hybridized H 2 -vehicle. The present paper represents the initial potential analysis, suggesting that H 2 -HEVs are a viable option towards a CO 2 -free mobility with extremely low NO x eo emissions. • H 2 -HEVs with a dedicated energy management can achieve extremely low NO x eo • Mixed H 2 -HEVs have a superior H 2 -NO x eo trade-off than series and parallel H 2 -HEVs • Mixed H 2 -HEVs lower the NO x eo emissions by 90% and decrease the H 2 consumption by 16% • H 2 -HEV's optimal EMS calibrations for the entire H 2 - NO x eo Pareto front [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]