On the aerodynamic performance of redundant propellers for multi-rotor eVTOL in cruise.

• High-fidelity aerodynamic and aero-acoustic modelling of a full-size heavy-lift, multi-rotor eVTOL design. • Analysis of the aerodynamics and acoustics of redundant parked propellers on eVTOL. • Wake interactions between lifting surfaces and propellers. • Effect of blade pitch and azimuth on the aerodynamics of parked propellers. As multi-rotor and convertible configurations gain compelling popularity in Advanced Air Mobility designs, the handling of redundant propellers during cruise flight regimes becomes a new challenge. This paper presents a systematic study of the aerodynamic performance of feathered and windmilling redundant propellers on a simplified multi-rotor, multi-wing configuration. High-fidelity CFD simulations were performed with a systematic test matrix including the blade feathering angle, azimuth shift, coning angle, and windmilling pitch angle and RPM. For the feathered blades, the feathering angle had a strong impact on the aerodynamic performance. The feathered blades could substantially reduce the overall lift and increase the overall drag at high feathering angles (up to 25% lift reduction and 70% drag increase). This is correlated with changes in the sectional wing inflow angles induced by the upstream feathered blades. Windmilling propellers, in ideal cases, were found capable of considerable wind energy extraction (50% of required cruise power) and could create slowed inflows for downstream thrusting propellers, at the cost of excessive drag (up to 90% more). Comparisons of vehicle performance with feathered and windmilling blades, showed similar aerodynamic forces and energy consumption. This shows that windmilling could be a feasible option for redundant propellers, given careful balancing of the drag and energy conversions. The presented results provide valuable guidance for the handling of redundant blades, for future multi-rotor aircraft designs for sustainable aviation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]