Estimations of potential evapotranspiration from CMIP6 multi-model ensemble over Africa.

Potential evapotranspiration (PET) plays a pivotal role in resource management and drought assessment. However, future PET estimates remain underexplored in the African region. This study employs twenty General Circulation Models (GCMs) to estimate past (1979–2014) and future PET changes across near-term (2021–2040), mid-term (2061–2080), and long-term (2081–2100) periods, considering four Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) including SSP1–2.6, SSP2–4.5, SSP3–7.0, and SSP5–8.5. The research assesses the impact of various climatic factors on PET across Africa and its sub-regions using the Penman-Monteith model. The analysis reveals that Penman-Monteith estimates for PET during 1979–2014 exhibit an increase of 0.68 mm per year (mm/a) across Africa. Notably, the Northern region (NAF), Sahara (SAH), Southern region (SAF), and Eastern region (EAF) experience higher PET changes of 1.78 mm/a, 1.75 mm/a, 1.09 mm/a, and 0.12 mm/a, respectively. Conversely, the Western region (WAF) and Central region (CAF) exhibit negative trends of −0.03 mm/a, and − 0.28 mm/a. Future PET in whole Africa is projected to increase by 0.05 mm/a in SSP1–2.6 and SSP2–4.5, and 0.07 mm/a in higher emissions for 2021–2040, by 0.02 mm/an under SSP1–2.6, 0.07 in SSP2–4.5, 0.09 mm/a, and 0.16 mm/a, in SSP3–7.0 and SSP5–8.5 for 2061–2080, and by −0.01 mm/a in SSP1–2.6, 0.05 mm/a SSP2–4.5, 0.10 mm/a SSP3–7.0, and 0.18 mm/a SSP5–8.5 for 2081–2100. Furthermore, higher emissions are anticipated to drive PET increases in various regions during 2081–2100, with NAF, SAH, and SAF projected to rise by 0.17 mm/a, 0.16 mm/a, and 0.23 mm/a, respectively. WAF, CAF, and EAF are expected to experience increases of 0.20 mm/a, 0.19 mm/a, and 0.15 mm/a, respectively. Contribution analysis indicates that solar radiation played a major factor in PET over Africa as well as in WAF, CAF, and EAF. Maximum temperatures were pivotal in NAF, SAH, and SAF. In future periods (2021-2040, 2061-2080, and 2081-2100), maximum temperatures take precedence to Africa's PET, and at varying percentages to different sub-regions. The findings underscore the significance of PET estimation, particularly in the context of drought evaluation locally and regionally. • PET estimates an increase of 0.68 mm/annum across Africa from 1979 to 2014. • PET is projected to increase under all scenarios, shows stronger in high forcing scenario. • Solar radiation contributed to PET in the past andmaximum temperatures in future but varies across periods and regions. • The study underscores the implications of PET estimations for drought evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]