Mini but Mighty: Oscillations in diffusion flames at sub-atmospheric conditions.

• The effect of lower pressure on flame height and pulsation of convection-controlled diffusion flames is investigated. • Flames change from turbulent to laminar at lower pressure as does a decrease in burner diameter. • Vertical velocity of vortex structures increases at sub-atmospheric conditions. • A new dimensionless correlation is proposed to model the oscillatory frequency of diffusion flames. The oscillatory behaviour of buoyant diffusion flames plays a vital role in determining how flames evolve. Although previous studies have established an inverse square root relationship between oscillatory frequency and pool diameter, f ∼ D -1/2, few have explored the synergistic effect of diameter and reduced pressure on the pulsation phenomenon. This study mainly investigates the characteristics of convection-controlled pool fires (D < 20 cm) at varying sub-atmospheric pressures, with a particular focus on the influence of eddy effects. Four burner sizes (7 cm, 10 cm, 13 cm, and 16 cm) are selected, and pressure levels are set at 95 kPa, 80 kPa, 60 kPa, and 40 kPa, respectively. A pressure chamber, maintaining a nearly constant pressure during combustion, is employed. The morphology of diffusion flames is recorded and subsequently analysed at different pressures. The study finds that flame shapes change from turbulent to laminar as pressure decreases, which is attributed to the smaller vortex size and corresponds to the varicose and sinuous models. Flame height and oscillatory frequency show a slight increase with decreasing pressure. A new correlation based on the dimensionless Richardson number and Strouhal number is proposed to correlate the oscillation and diameter at different pressures, St = 0.58 (1 / R i) 0.54 . This study provides interesting insights into the behaviour of buoyant diffusion flames under sub-atmospheric conditions, highlighting the transition from turbulent to laminar flame shapes, changes in flame height, and pulsation frequency trends. This research could potentially contribute to the comprehension of buoyant diffusion flames at sub-atmospheric conditions in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]