Water-energy-food nexus efficiency and its factor analysis in China: A dynamic series-loop DDF model.

This paper presents an analysis of the water-energy-food nexus (WEFN) system, focusing on its interlinked structure and dynamic characteristics. This paper proposes a dynamic series-loop data envelopment analysis (DEA) model with a directional distance function for measuring WEFN efficiency in China. A spatial Durbin model is constructed to investigate the impact of extreme temperatures on WEFN efficiency. The results are as follows. (1) Compared with the black-box DEA model and series network DEA model, a series-loop network DEA model can reflect the "networking effect" and "looping effect" in the WEFN system. (2) The WEFN system performs well with an average series-loop efficiency of 0.875, but the efficiency of the water subsystem scores low and needs improvement. (3) At the national level, extremely high and low temperatures have no significant effect on the WEFN efficiency in local or adjacent provinces, whereas average temperature promotes the WEFN efficiency in local provinces but hinders it in neighboring provinces. In the regions with a low temperature difference, average temperature has no impact on the WEFN efficiency of both the province itself and its neighboring provinces. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the complex interlinkages within the WEFN system and highlights the importance of considering these relationships when improving the system efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]