TİCARİ AÇIKLIK ve ÇEVRE KİRLİLİĞİ İLİŞKİSİNE YÖNELİK AMPİRİK KANITLAR: MINT ÜLKELERİ ÖRNEĞİ.

Increasing awareness of environmental problems in the world has contributed to the formation of strict environmental rules, especially in developed countries. However, many developing countries have kept their environmental rules relatively flexible because of economic concerns. This situation causes industries that damage the human-nature relationship and cause environmental problems to shift from developed countries to developing countries and these countries become pollution havens. The main purpose of this study is to analyze and test the validity of trade openness on carbon emissions (CO2) in MINT countries (Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Türkiye), which have come to the fore in the world economy in recent years, and to test pollution haven and pollution halo hypotheses, which are hypotheses about environmental pollution in these countries. The study was analyzed using time series data from 1960-2021. ARDL (Auto Regressive Distributed Lag) bounds test approach was used for co-integration analysis between variables. The causality relationship of the variables was analyzed with the Breitung-Candelon frequency domain method, and finally, OLS and FMOLS methods were used for parameter estimation. According to the parameter results; it is concluded that the pollution haven hypothesis is valid in MINT countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]