Understanding implications of detection heterogeneity in wildlife abundance estimation.

Negative bias in mark‐recapture abundance estimators due to heterogeneity in detection (capture) probability is a well‐known problem, but we believe most biologists do not understand why heterogeneity causes bias and how bias can be reduced. We demonstrate how heterogeneity creates dependence and bias in mark‐recapture approaches to abundance estimation. In comparison, heterogeneity, and hence estimator bias, is not as problematic for distance sampling and mark‐resight methods because both techniques estimate detection probabilities based on a known quantity. We show how the introduction of a known number of individuals planted into a study population prior to a mark‐recapture survey can reduce bias from heterogeneity in detection probability. We provide examples with simulation and an analysis of motion‐sensitive camera data from a study population of introduced eastern wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) of known size with a subset of telemetered birds. In choosing a method for abundance estimation, careful consideration should be given to assumptions and how heterogeneity in detection probability can be accommodated for each application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]