Toxic dinoflagellate Centrodinium punctatum (Cleve) F.J.R. Taylor: An examination on the responses in growth and toxin contents to drastic changes of temperature and salinity.

• Centrodinium punctatum prefers warm waters and an oceanic habitat for its growth. • Toxin contents of Centrodinium punctatum do not change significantly with temperature. • A salinity of 40 can decrease the toxin contents of Centrodinium punctatum. To understand environmental effects affecting paralytic shellfish toxin production of Centrodinium punctatum, this study examined the growth responses, and toxin contents and profiles of a C. punctatum culture exposed to drastic changes of temperature (5-30 °C) and salinity (15–40). C. punctatum grew over a temperature range of 15–25 °C, with an optimum of 20 °C., and over a salinity range of 25–40, with optimum salinities of 30–35. This suggests that C. punctatum prefers relatively warm waters and an oceanic habitat for its growth and can adapt to significant changes of salinity levels. When C. punctatum was cultivated at different temperature and salinity levels, the PST profile included four major analogs (STX, neoSTX, GTX1 and GTX4, constituted >80 % of the profile), while low amounts of doSTX and traces of dc-STX and dc-GTX2 were also observed. Interestingly, though overall toxin contents did not change significantly with temperature, increases in the proportion of STX, and decreases in proportions in GTX1 and GTX4 were observed with higher temperatures. Salinity did not affect either toxin contents or profile from 25 to 35. However, the total toxin content dropped to approximately half at salinity 40, suggesting this salinity may induce metabolic changes in C. punctatum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]