Connecting the dots: An updated review of the role of autoimmunity in narcolepsy and emerging immunotherapeutic approaches.

Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is a chronic disorder characterized by pathological daytime sleepiness and cataplexy due to the disappearance of orexin immunoreactive neurons in the hypothalamus. Genetic and environmental factors point towards a potential role for inflammation and autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of the disease. This study aims to comprehensively review the latest evidence on the autoinflammatory mechanisms and immunomodulatory treatments aimed at suspected autoimmune pathways in NT1. Recent relevant literature in the field of narcolepsy, its autoimmune hypothesis, and purposed immunomodulatory treatments were reviewed. Narcolepsy is strongly linked to specific HLA alleles and T-cell receptor polymorphisms. Furthermore, animal studies and autopsies have found infiltration of T cells in the hypothalamus, supporting T cell-mediated immunity. However, the role of autoantibodies has yet to be definitively established. Increased risk of NT1 after H1N1 infection and vaccination supports the autoimmune hypothesis, and the potential role of coronavirus disease 2019 and vaccination in triggering autoimmune neurodegeneration is a recent finding. Alterations in cytokine levels, gut microbiota, and microglial activation indicate a potential role for inflammation in the disease's development. Reports of using immunotherapies in NT1 patients are limited and inconsistent. Early treatment with IVIg, corticosteroids, plasmapheresis, and monoclonal antibodies has seldomly shown some potential benefits in some studies. The current body of literature supports that narcolepsy is an autoimmune disorder most likely caused by T-cell involvement. However, the potential for immunomodulatory treatments to reverse the autoinflammatory process remains understudied. Further clinical controlled trials may provide valuable insights into this area. • NT1 is characterized by sleepiness, cataplexy, and disappearance of hypothalamic ORX neurons. • NT1 is linked to gene polymorphisms, immune-cell infiltration, and cytokine alterations. • Apart from the immune theory, the role of epigenetic silencing has recently been explored. • The latest research areas are the gut microbiota and potential COVID-19 pandemic impacts. • Case studies have been conducted on immunomodulatory treatment. However, controlled trials are crucial for stronger proof. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]