A robust watermarking approach against high‐density salt and pepper noise (RWSPN) to enhance medical image security.

This paper proposes a robust watermarking method against high‐density salt and pepper noise attacks. Automatic region of interest (ROI) detection, embedding encoded data, removing different densities of noise, data extraction by omitting, and labeling the noisy pixels of Region of Non‐Interest (RONI), and decoding the extracted data using ROI pixel information as a key, are various steps of the presented scheme. The automatic ROI detection method separates the RONI from ROI with four vertices of the smallest rectangle, for the embedding process. The encoded watermark data is embedded into the least significant bits of RONI in four neighbour pixels. Adaptive Removal of high‐density Salt and pepper Noise method can enhance image quality and reduce the effect of salt and pepper noise attacks. The embedded information is preserved from destruction if the host image is impaired through the power of robustness. The best results are obtained through the action of extracting the watermark from RONI pixels, utilizing the same ROI detection method. Omitting and labeling the noisy pixels of the RONI will ensure healthy extracted watermark data, leading to decreased Bit Error Rate (BER) values. Finally, these data are interpreted using the key of ROI pixels, and the watermark data is decoded and retrieved. Due to salt and pepper noise obliterating pixel bits and their corresponding transform coefficients in the transform domain, the spatial domain is employed to enhance robustness against such attacks. The results show the high performance of the presented scheme. The average BER value for five MRI databases in a 97% salt and pepper noise attack is 38.6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]