Synergetic effect of nitrate on dissolved organic carbon attenuation through dissimilatory iron reduction during aquifer storage and recovery.

• Potential effect of NO 3 ⁻ on DOC attenuation during ASR was investigated. • NO 3 ⁻ brings a synergetic effect on DIR-induced DOC attenuation. • Fe(II) released from DIR reduces the bioavailability of Fe (hydr)oxides. • Interaction between DIR and NDFO enables Fe (hydr)oxide bioavailability to maintain. Aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) is a promising water management technique in terms of quantity and quality. During ASR, iron (Fe) (hydr)oxides contained in the aquifer play a crucial role as electron acceptors in attenuating dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in recharging water through dissimilatory iron reduction (DIR). Considering the preference of electron acceptors, nitrate (NO 3 ⁻), possibly coexisting with DOC as the prior electron acceptor to Fe (hydr)oxides, might influence DIR by interrupting electron transfer. However, this phenomenon is yet to be clarified. In this study, we systematically investigated the potential effect of NO 3 ⁻ on DOC attenuation during ASR using a series of sediment columns representing typical aquifer conditions. The results suggest that DOC attenuation could be enhanced by the presence of NO 3 ⁻. Specifically, total DOC attenuation was notably higher than that from the stoichiometric calculation simply employing NO 3 ⁻ as the additional electron acceptor to Fe (hydr)oxides, implying a synergetic effect of NO 3 ⁻ in the overall reactions. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyzes revealed that the Fe(II) ions released from DIR transformed the Fe (hydr)oxides into a less bioavailable form, inhibiting further DIR. In the presence of NO 3 ⁻, however, no aqueous Fe(II) was detected, and another form of Fe (hydr)oxide appeared on the sediment surface. This may be attributed to nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidation (NDFO), in which Fe(II) is (re)oxidized into Fe (hydr)oxide, which is available for the subsequent DOC attenuation. These mechanisms were supported by the dominance of DIR-relevant bacteria and the growth of NDFO-related bacteria in the presence of NO 3 ⁻. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]