How do crosswinds from two turbulent generators affect the aerodynamic loads of running trains at tunnel entrances?

In order to investigate the effect of natural turbulent crosswinds on the aerodynamic loads of a high-speed train (HST) running through a tunnel entrance of high-speed railways, the new contribution is that the changing law of the HST's aerodynamic loads under the incoming turbulence with actual turbulence integral scale is revealed when the HST running in tunnel-flat ground-tunnel scenes, based on two types of turbulence generators with size scaled up by 8 times. The train surface pressure coefficients of the numerical model are compared with the corresponding results of wind tunnel experiments to verify the computational fluid dynamics method. The primary results show that the incoming turbulent flow generated by the spire is consistent with the characteristics of the measured wind. The peak aerodynamic load coefficients of the head carriage increase 1.12–1.5 and 1.06–2.0 times, respectively, under the incoming turbulent flow by the spire and fence, compared to the incoming flow of 11.50 m/s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]