Indonesian macroalgae as feedstock for hydrochar production using hydrothermal conversion.

Indonesia is a maritime country with a coastline length of more than 95 thousand km, and the ocean area exceeds 3 million km2 covering almost two third of the nation. With the vast ocean area, Indonesia has a large potential for maritime organisms, such as macroalgae or popularly called seaweed. Indonesia has more than 500 species of seaweed, but only a few that has been utilized, and mainly as food or pharmaceutical resources. Whereas Indonesian macroalgae potential as an energy feedstock is still not much explored. In this study, we assessed the potential of less-utilized macroalgae species from Indonesia, namely Padina sp., as feedstock to produce hydrochar in comparison with other species. The proximate and ultimate characteristic of macroalgae as feedstock was investigated, and its potential to generate hydrochar was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]