Genome-wide identification of the cation/proton antiporter (CPA) gene family and functional characterization of the key member BnaA05.NHX2 in allotetraploid rapeseed.

• A total of 117 BnaCPAs , comprising NHXs , KEAs , and CHXs , were identified in rapeseed. • Overexpression of BnaA05.NHX2 significantly improved rapeseed salt resistance. • BnaA05.NHX2 was localized on the tonoplast. • Overexpression of BnaA05.NHX2 increased vacuolar Na+ concentrations. • This study provides novel insights into the exploration of BnaCPA s' function. Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is susceptible to nutrient stresses during growth and development; however, the CPA (cation proton antiporter) family genes have not been identified in B. napus and their biological functions remain unclear. This study was aimed to identify the molecular characteristics of rapeseed CPAs and their transcriptional responses to multiple nutrient stresses. Through bioinformatics analysis, 117 BnaCPAs , consisting of three subfamilies: Na+/H+ antiporter (NHX), K+ efflux antiporter (KEA), and cation/H+ antiporter (CHX), were identified in the rapeseed genome. Transcriptomic profiling showed that BnaCPAs , particularly BnaNHXs , were transcriptionally responsive to diverse nutrient stresses, including Cd toxicity, K starvation, salt stress, NH 4 + toxicity, and low Pi. We found that the salt tolerance of the transgenic rapeseed lines overexpressing BnaA05.NHX2 was significantly higher than that of wild type. Subcellular localization showed that BnaA05.NHX2 was localized on the tonoplast, and TEM combined with X-ray energy spectrum analysis revealed that the vacuolar Na+ concentrations of the BnaA05.NHX2 -overexpressing rapeseed plants were significantly higher than those of wild type. The findings of this study will provide insights into the complexity of the BnaCPA family and a valuable resource to explore the in-depth functions of CPA s in B. napus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]