Synbiotic Agents and Their Active Components for Sustainable Aquaculture: Concepts, Action Mechanisms, and Applications.

Simple Summary: Aquatic animals are consistently exposed to the threats of environmental deterioration and infection outbreaks because of the excessive use of antibiotics and synthetic drugs. This practice leads to the accumulation of residues in aquatic systems and the development of antimicrobial resistance among pathogens. Nature-based solutions, such as functional feeds containing synbiotics and their active components, such as probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics, play a crucial role in maintaining a healthy environment and promoting the well-being of animals in aquaculture. Drawing upon a thorough literature survey and experimental evidence, these agents have been shown beneficial to aquatic animals and their ecosystems. Consequently, these synbiotic agents and related components emerge as promising natural alternatives to traditional synthetic drugs and antibiotics in aquaculture. Aquaculture is a fast-emerging food-producing sector in which fishery production plays an imperative socio-economic role, providing ample resources and tremendous potential worldwide. However, aquatic animals are exposed to the deterioration of the ecological environment and infection outbreaks, which represent significant issues nowadays. One of the reasons for these threats is the excessive use of antibiotics and synthetic drugs that have harmful impacts on the aquatic atmosphere. It is not surprising that functional and nature-based feed ingredients such as probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, and synbiotics have been developed as natural alternatives to sustain a healthy microbial environment in aquaculture. These functional feed additives possess several beneficial characteristics, including gut microbiota modulation, immune response reinforcement, resistance to pathogenic organisms, improved growth performance, and enhanced feed utilization in aquatic animals. Nevertheless, their mechanisms in modulating the immune system and gut microbiota in aquatic animals are largely unclear. This review discusses basic and current research advancements to fill research gaps and promote effective and healthy aquaculture production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]